Charge pump circuit

ABSTRACT

A charge pump circuit is disclosed that includes a main charge pump, a replica charge pump, and an op-amp. The main charge pump includes up and down input terminals to receive UP and DN control signals, a control terminal to receive a calibration signal, and an output to generate a control voltage. The replica charge pump includes up and down input terminals to receive DN and UP control signals, a control terminal to receive the calibration signal, and an output to generate a replica voltage. The op-amp generates the calibration signal in response to the control voltage and the replica voltage.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of, and claims the benefitunder 35 USC 120, of the co-pending and commonly owned U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/651,280 entitled “A LOW-NOISE AND LOW-REFERENCESPUR FREQUENCY MULTIPLYING DELAY LOCK-LOOP” filed on Oct. 12, 2012,which in turn claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of the co-pendingand commonly owned U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/667,105 entitled“A FREQUENCY MULTIPLYING DELAY-LOCKED LOOP WITH LOW NOISE AND LOWREFERENCE SPUR” filed on Jul. 2, 2012, the entirety of both areincorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present embodiments relate generally to delay locked loops, andspecifically to delay locked loops implementing frequency multipliers.

BACKGROUND OF RELATED ART

Phase-locked loops (PLLs) and delay-locked loops (DLLs) may be used toperform tasks such as de-skewing clock signals, recovering clocksignals, synthesizing clock frequencies, and implementing clockdistribution networks. PLLs typically employ a variable-frequencycircuit such as a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to lock an outputsignal to a reference signal, while DLLs typically employ avariable-delay circuit such as a voltage-controlled delay line to lockan output signal to an input signal.

More specifically, a PLL typically includes a phase detector and avoltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO, which includes an input toreceive a control voltage and an output to generate an oscillationoutput signal, adjusts the frequency of the oscillation output signal inresponse to the control voltage. The control voltage, which is generatedby the phase detector and other loop components (such as a charge pumpand a filter), settles to a value that makes the VCO oscillate at thedesired frequency. Additionally, the phase error at the output of thephase detector approaches zero. Thus, during operation, the loop adjuststhe control voltage such that, in steady state, the VCO oscillates atthe desirable frequency and the phase of the output clock has a specificrelation with the phase of the reference clock.

A DLL typically includes a phase detector and a voltage-controlled delayline. The loop adjusts the control voltage such that the delay lineprovides a desired delay (and the phase error at the output of the phasedetector is zero). The voltage-controlled delay line, which has inputsto receive the control voltage and the input signal, selectively delaysthe output signal until the output signal is delay-locked with the inputsignal. DLLs may be desirable over PLLs for multiplying a clockfrequency by an integer value because, for example, DLLs typicallyprovide more stability, employ smaller loop filters, and exhibit lowerphase noise than PLLs.

FIG. 1 shows a conventional DLL circuit 100 that delay locks an outputclock signal CLK_OUT with an input clock signal CLK_IN. Morespecifically, DLL circuit 100 includes a phase and frequency detector(PFD) 110, a charge pump 120, a loop filter 130, and avoltage-controlled delay line 140. A crystal oscillator may generate theoscillating clock signal CLK_IN to first inputs of the PFD 110 and thedelay line 140. PFD 110 compares the phase of CLK_IN and a feedbacksignal CLK_FB to generate up (UP) and down (DN) control signals that areconverted to a charge (Q_(C)) proportional to the phase difference ofthe two clocks by charge pump 120. The charge generated by the chargepump is filtered (e.g., integrated) by filter 130 and provided as acontrol voltage V_(C) to delay line 140. The delay line 140, whichincludes a number (n) of series-connected delay elements 141 thatprovide a corresponding number of delay taps T1-Tn, selectively delaysCLK_IN in response to V_(C) to generate CLK_OUT. In this manner, theoutput signal CLK_OUT, which is provided as the feedback signal CLK_FBto PFD 110, may be synchronized (e.g., delay-locked) with the inputsignal CLK_IN by adjusting the signal delay within delay line 140 untilthe period of CLK_OUT equals the period of CLK_IN.

The delay taps T1-Tn provide a plurality of phase delays (e.g., φ₁, φ₂,. . . φ_(n)) of the clock signal. As such, the DLL 100 of FIG. 1 may beused as a frequency synthesizer by performing logic operations on themultiple clock phases at taps T1-Tn to achieve frequency multiplicationof the input signal CLK_IN. Unfortunately, performing logic operationson the multiple clock phases provided by taps T1-Tn may introduceunwanted delays, which in turn may undesirably generate spurs in theoutput clock signal. Another disadvantage of DLL 100 being used as afrequency multiplier is that programmability of the multiplying factoris difficult to implement.

Accordingly, there is a need to provide a frequency multiplying DLL thatcan multiply a reference frequency by an arbitrary integer value whileminimizing noise and spurs in the output clock signal.

SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce in a simplified form a selectionof concepts that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tolimit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

A delay-locked loop (DLL) is disclosed that can generate an outputoscillation signal having a frequency that is an integer multiple of thefrequency of an input oscillation signal. In accordance with the presentembodiments, the DLL includes a phase detector, a charge pump, and avoltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The phase detector, which includesinputs to receive a reference signal and a feedback signal, generates UPand DN control signals in response to a phase difference between thereference signal and the feedback signal. The charge pump, which iscoupled to the phase detector, generates a control voltage in responseto the UP and DN control signals. The VCO, which includes an input forsignaling to the VCO to begin oscillation and an input to receive thecontrol voltage, generates the output oscillation signal, the referencesignal, and the feedback signal.

More specifically, the phase detector may compare phases of thereference signal and the feedback signal to generate the UP and DNcontrol signals, which in turn may be used by the charge pump to adjustthe control voltage. The VCO adjusts the frequency of the outputoscillation signal in response to the control voltage. In accordancewith the present embodiments, phase differences between the referencesignal and the feedback signal may be indicative of phase differencesbetween the input and output oscillation signals. Thus, adjusting thecontrol voltage until the phase difference between the reference andfeedback signals approaches zero may align selected edges of the outputoscillation signal with selected edges of the input oscillation signal.In this manner, the frequency of the output oscillation signal may bemaintained at a predetermined integer multiple of the frequency of theinput oscillation signal without using any tap-controlled delay lines.

For some embodiments, the VCO includes an oscillator circuit,synchronization logic and a control circuit. The oscillator circuitgenerates the output oscillation signal, and includes a node to generatean internal oscillation signal. The synchronization logic, whichincludes inputs to receive the internal oscillation signal, the inputoscillation signal, and a synchronization signal, generates thereference and feedback signals, and selectively forwards either theinternal oscillation signal or the input oscillation signal as theoutput oscillation signal in response to the synchronization signal. Thecontrol circuit, which includes an input to receive the outputoscillation signal, asserts the synchronization signal in response todetection of a predetermined number of cycles of the output oscillationsignal.

More specifically, during a normal mode of oscillation (which may beassociated with de-assertion of the synchronization signal), thesynchronization logic forwards the internal oscillation signal as theoutput oscillation signal, and de-asserts the reference and feedbacksignals. In this mode, the VCO generates the output oscillation signalhaving a frequency that is an integer multiple of the frequency of theinput oscillation signal. During a synchronization mode of operation(which may be associated with assertion of the synchronization signal),the synchronization logic forwards the input oscillation signal as theoutput oscillation signal, and asserts the reference and feedbacksignals. During this time, the synchronization logic generates thesignals used by the phase detector and charge pump to selectively adjustthe frequency of the output oscillation signal (e.g., by adjusting thecontrol voltage) until the selected edges of the output oscillationsignal are aligned with selected edges of the input oscillation signal.

As described herein, DLLs in accordance with the present embodiments maybe advantageous over conventional DLLs for several reasons. First, byemploying a VCO to control the oscillation frequency of the DLL outputsignal, DLLs in accordance with the present embodiments may reducecircuit area compared to conventional DLLs that employ tap-controlleddelay lines. Indeed, tap-controlled delay lines typically occupy a largeamount of area. Each tap, which may include one or more buffers orinverters, has a fixed area, and the number of taps needed depends onthe maximum delay required. For example, in a clock management circuit,the maximum delay is dictated by the lowest frequency to be supported.Thus, the design of a tap-controlled delay line requires a tradeoffbetween layout area and the supported frequency range.

Second, by employing a VCO instead of tap-controlled delay lines, DLLsof the present embodiments may generate output oscillation signalshaving minimal distortion and duty cycle error. For example, differencesbetween the rise and fall times of the delay taps in a delay line maycause undesirable variations in the duty cycle of the output signal.Indeed, for applications in which the input signal has a high frequency,duty cycle distortion of a tap-controlled delay-line may cause the clockpulse to disappear entirely. In contrast, DLLs of the presentembodiments do not suffer from such duty cycle distortions, for example,because the VCO periodically synchronizes the output oscillation signalwith the input oscillation signal without the use of tap-controlleddelay lines.

In addition, a charge pump circuit is disclosed that includes a maincharge pump, a replica charge pump, and an operational amplifier(op-amp). The main charge pump includes up and down input terminals toreceive UP and DN control signals, a control terminal to receive acalibration signal, and an output to generate a control voltage. Thereplica charge pump includes up and down input terminals to receive theDN and UP control signals, a control terminal to receive the calibrationsignal, and an output to generate a replica voltage. The op-ampgenerates the calibration signal in response to a comparison between thecontrol voltage and the replica voltage.

For some embodiments, the current in the main charge pump associatedwith assertion of the UP and/or DN control signals may be adjusted inresponse to the calibration signal to modify the relative magnitudes ofits corresponding up and down currents. Similarly, the current in thereplica charge pump associated with assertion of the UP and/or DNcontrol signals may be adjusted in response to the calibration signal tomodify the relative magnitudes of its corresponding up and downcurrents. While the UP and DN control signals are provided to respectiveUP and DN input terminals of the main charge pump, the UP and DN controlsignals are reversed and provided to respective DN and UP inputterminals of the replica charge pump. As a result, the replica voltagegenerated by the replica charge pump may be adjusted in response to thecalibration signal until the replica voltage equals the control voltagegenerated by the main charge pump. In this manner, the total time offsetvalue for the charge pump circuit may become zero, which in turn maycalibrate the phase error.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present embodiments are illustrated by way of example and are notintended to be limited by the figures of the accompanying drawings,where:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional DLL;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a DLL in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of one embodiment of an VCO circuit that, inaccordance with some embodiments, may be employed in the DLL circuit ofFIG. 2;

FIG. 3B shows a voltage-controlled delay element that, in accordancewith some embodiments, may be used as the delay element(s) in the VCOcircuit of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a programmable pull-up circuit that, inaccordance with some embodiments, may be used as the pull-up circuit inthe delay element of FIG. 3B;

FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a programmable capacitor circuit that, inaccordance with some embodiments, may be used as the capacitor of thedelay circuit of FIG. 3B;

FIG. 6A is a waveform diagram illustrating an exemplary operation of theDLL circuit of FIG. 2 in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 6B is a waveform diagram illustrating an exemplary operation of theDLL circuit of FIG. 2 in a fast VCO case;

FIG. 6C is a waveform diagram illustrating an exemplary operation of theDLL circuit of FIG. 2 in a slow VCO case;

FIG. 6D is an illustrative flow chart of an exemplary operation of theVCO circuit of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 7A is a timing diagram depicting the effects of charge pump staticphase error caused by mismatched UP and DN currents in the charge pump;

FIG. 7B depicts the effects of charge pump static phase error on the DLLoutput signal;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a charge pump circuitthat may be employed in the DLL circuit of FIG. 2;

FIG. 9 shows a circuit that may be used as the PFD circuit and thecharge pump circuit of FIG. 2 in accordance with some embodiments; and

FIG. 10 is an illustrative flow chart of an exemplary operation of thecircuit of FIG. 9.

Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout thedrawing figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth toprovide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. Also, in thefollowing description and for purposes of explanation, specificnomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of thepresent embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in theart that these specific details may not be required to practice thepresent embodiments. In other instances, well-known circuits and devicesare shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the presentdisclosure. The term “coupled” as used herein means connected directlyto or connected through one or more intervening components or circuits.Any of the signals provided over various buses described herein may betime-multiplexed with other signals and provided over one or more commonbuses. Additionally, the interconnection between circuit elements orsoftware blocks may be shown as buses or as single signal lines. Each ofthe buses may alternatively be a single signal line, and each of thesingle signal lines may alternatively be buses, and a single line or busmight represent any one or more of a myriad of physical or logicalmechanisms for communication between components. Further, for at leastsome embodiments, the input oscillation signal and the outputoscillation signal may be an input clock signal and an output clocksignal, respectively.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a delay-locked loop (DLL) circuit 200 inaccordance with the present embodiments. As described below, DLL circuit200 may be used for frequency multiplication, and therefore embodimentsof DLL circuit 200 may be referred to herein as frequency multiplyingDLLs. As depicted in FIG. 2, DLL circuit 200 includes a phase andfrequency detector (PFD) 210, a charge pump 220, a loop filter 230, anda voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 240. The PFD 210 includes inputsto receive a reference oscillation signal (OSC_REF) and a feedbackoscillation signal (OSC_FB), and includes outputs to generate UP and DNcontrol signals. Charge pump 220 includes inputs to receive the UP andDN control signals, and includes an output to generate a charge Q_(C).Loop filter 230, which filters (e.g., integrates) the charge produced bythe charge pump to generate control voltage V_(C) for the VCO 240, maybe any suitable loop filter. The VCO 240 includes a first input toreceive an input oscillation signal (XTAL) provided by a crystaloscillator 250, a second input to receive the control voltage V_(C), afirst output to generate an output oscillation signal (OUT), a secondoutput to generate the oscillation reference signal OSC_REF, and a thirdoutput to generate the oscillation feedback signal OSC_FB.

Although the input signal XTAL is depicted in FIG. 2 as generated bycrystal oscillator 250, for other embodiments, the input signal XTAL maybe generated by other components, such as another suitable oscillator ora clock circuit.

In accordance with present embodiments, the VCO 240 may provide delayfunctions implemented using voltage-controlled delay lines (such asdelay line 140 of FIG. 1). Further, during operation of DLL circuit 200,a single clock edge (e.g., originating from a rising edge of the inputsignal XTAL) may circulate through a loop formed within VCO 240 togenerate the oscillation output signal OUT provided at the first outputof VCO 240, thereby allowing the VCO 240 to operate as an infinite,folded, voltage-controlled delay line. The frequency of the outputsignal OUT, which may be adjusted in response to the control voltageV_(C), may be an integer multiple of the frequency of the input signalXTAL. Thus, as described in more detail below, the input signal XTAL maybe used by the VCO 240 to reset the edge circulating through the loopwithin VCO 240 (e.g., to re-align the phase of the output signal OUTwith the phase of the input signal XTAL).

For some embodiments, VCO 240 may be formed using a latch (e.g., aset-reset (SR) latch), two delay elements, a synchronization logic and acontrol circuit. For such embodiments, a selected clock edge (e.g., apositive edge or a negative edge) circulates through the SR latch andtwo delay elements such that after one of the delay elements propagatesa positive edge, the SR latch resets the input of that delay element tozero. In this manner, a single clock edge circulating through VCO 240may generate the output signal OUT, which as mentioned above may beconfigured to have a frequency that is an integer multiple of thefrequency of the input signal XTAL.

The synchronization logic (not shown in FIG. 2 for simplicity) may trackand synchronize the phase of the output signal OUT with the phase of theinput signal XTAL. The control circuit may generate a synchronizationsignal (EXP_EDGE, not shown) that, in turn, may be used by thesynchronization logic to generate the reference and feedback signalsOSC_REF and OSC_FB. As mentioned above, the phases of the reference andfeedback signals OSC_REF and OSC_FB are compared in the PFD 210 togenerate the control voltage V_(C) for VCO 240, and therefore timingdifferences between the assertion of OSC_REF and OSC_FB by the VCO 240may be indicative of a phase difference between the output oscillationsignal OUT and the input oscillation signal XTAL. For some embodiments,the reference signal OSC_REF may be generated by logically ANDing theinput signal XTAL with a synchronization signal (EXP_EDGE), and thefeedback signal OSC_FB may be generated by logically ANDing the outputsignal OUT with the control signal EXP_EDGE.

Further, for some embodiments, the VCO 240's control circuit may includeor be associated with a counter (not shown in FIG. 2 for simplicity)that counts how many times a selected clock edge circulates through theloop within VCO 240. For some embodiments, after the counter valuereaches a predetermined count threshold, the control circuit may assertthe synchronization signal EXP_EDGE. Assertion of EXP_EDGE may cause anedge of input signal XTAL to be forwarded to the output (to form signalOUT). The two delay elements within the VCO 240 may stop circulating theclock edge from the previous cycle, thereby allowing the VCO 240 toprovide a finite length delay line. In addition, the new XTAL edge willstart circulating between the two VCO delays. The predetermined countthreshold may indicate an integer value for multiplying the frequency ofthe input signal XTAL to generate the output signal OUT.

FIG. 3A illustrates a VCO 300 that is one embodiment of VCO 240 of FIG.2. The VCO 300, which can be periodically reset by selected edges of theinput signal XTAL (FIG. 2), includes an SR latch 310, two delay elements320(1)-320(2), synchronization logic 330, and a control circuit 340. TheSR latch 310, which is formed by two cross-coupled NOR gates NOR1 andNOR2, includes a Reset input (R), a Set input (S), a first output (Q),and a second output ( Q). For purposes of discussion herein, the signalprovided to the input of first delay element 320(1) may be referred toas a first start signal (StartA), the signal generated at the Q outputof SR latch 310 may be referred to as an internal VCO start signal(Start_VCO), and the signal generated at the Q output of SR latch 310may be referred to as a second start signal (StartB).

The first delay element 320(1) has an input to receive either theinternal signal Start_VCO from the Q output of SR latch 310 or the inputsignal XTAL via synchronization logic 330, and has an output coupled tothe Reset input of SR latch 310. The second delay element 320(2) has aninput coupled to the Q output of SR latch 310, and has an output coupledto the Set input of SR latch 310. Together, SR latch 310 and the twodelay elements 320(1)-320(2) form an oscillator circuit 305 of VCO 300.

As depicted in FIG. 3A, first delay element 320(1) provides the RESETsignal for SR latch 310, and second delay element 320(2) provides theSET signal for SR latch 310. Thus, for some embodiments, assertion ofthe RESET signal (e.g., to logic high) by first delay element 320(1)causes SR latch 310 to drive its Q output to logic low and drive its Qoutput to logic high, while assertion of the SET signal (e.g., to logichigh) by second delay element 320(2) causes SR latch 310 to drive its Qoutput to logic high and drive its Q output to logic low. In thismanner, a selected clock edge (e.g., a positive edge) may circulatethrough oscillator circuit 305 and cause the output signal OUT tooscillate between logic low and high states. The oscillation frequencyof the output signal OUT may be determined, at least in part, by thesignal delay introduced by first and second delay elements 320(1) and320(2). For some embodiments, the signal delay provided by first andsecond delay elements 320(1) and 320(2) may be changed by adjusting thecontrol voltage V_(C).

For some embodiments, each of delay elements 320(1) and 320(2) may beconfigured to propagate logic high signals from its input terminal toits output terminal after an externally-adjustable predetermined delayperiod indicative of the frequency of the oscillation signal, and may beconfigured to propagate logic low signals from its input terminal to itsoutput terminal after a small gate delay that may have a negligibleeffect upon the oscillation frequency. In this manner, VCO 300 may beconfigured to propagate a positive or rising edge of the start signalthrough SR latch 310 and delay elements 320(1)-320(2) in a manner thatproduces an oscillation signal at the Q output of SR latch 310.

More specifically, in response to receiving a rising edge of signalStartA, first delay element 320(1) asserts its output signal RESET tologic high after a predetermined delay period D1 associated with firstdelay element 320(1). Similarly, in response to receiving a rising edgeof signal StartB, second delay element 320(2) asserts its output signalSET to logic high after a predetermined delay period D2 associated withsecond delay element 320(2). For one or more embodiments, upon receivinga falling edge of signal StartA, first delay element 320(1) quicklyde-asserts its output signal RESET to logic low (e.g., more quickly thanasserting output signal RESET to logic high in response to a rising edgeof StartA), and upon receiving a falling edge of signal StartB, seconddelay element 320(2) quickly de-asserts its output signal SET to logiclow (e.g., more quickly than asserting output signal SET to logic highin response to a rising edge of StartB).

The synchronization logic 330 includes a symmetric multiplexer (MUX) 331and two logical AND gates 332-333. MUX 331 has a first input coupled tothe Q output of SR latch 310 to receive signal Start_VCO, has a secondinput coupled to crystal oscillator 250 to receive the input signalXTAL, has a control terminal coupled to control circuit 340 to receivethe synchronization signal EXP_EDGE, and has an output to provide thesignal StartA to the input of first delay element 320(1). Thus, MUX 331selectively forwards either XTAL or Start_VCO as the signal StartA tofirst delay element 320(1) in response to EXP_EDGE.

For exemplary embodiments described herein, when EXP_EDGE is de-assertedto logic low, MUX 331 forwards Start_VCO as StartA to first delayelement 320(1), thereby allowing SR latch 310 and delay elements320(1)-320(2) to operate as an oscillator independently of the inputsignal XTAL. Conversely, when EXP_EDGE is asserted to logic high, MUX331 forwards XTAL as StartA to first delay element 320(1), therebyallowing the input signal XTAL to reset the clock edge circulatingthrough the oscillator circuit 305 and/or allowing the output signal OUTto be synchronized with the input signal XTAL.

AND gate 332 has a first input coupled to the Q output of SR latch 310to receive signal Start_VCO, has a second input coupled to controlcircuit 340 to receive the control signal EXP_EDGE, and has an output togenerate the feedback signal OSC_FB. In operation, when EXP_EDGE isasserted to logic high, AND gate 332 passes the signal Start_VCO asOSC_FB to PFD 210 of the DLL circuit 200 of FIG. 2. Conversely, whenEXP_EDGE is de-asserted to logic low, AND gate 332 forces OSC_FB tologic low, irrespective of the logic state and/or logic transitions ofthe signal Start_VCO. In one embodiment, the PFD 210 is sensitive to therising edge of its input signals. Since the oscillator 305 oscillates ata frequency multiple of the crystal clock period, multiple positiveedges of Start_VCO signal are generated in a crystal clock period.Hence, in one embodiment, ANDing Start_VCO with EXP_EDGE causes theappropriate positive edge of Start_VCO to be used as the feedback signalof the loop OSC_FB.

AND gate 333 has a first input coupled to crystal oscillator 250 toreceive the input signal XTAL, has a second input coupled to controlcircuit 340 to receive the control signal EXP_EDGE, and has an output togenerate the reference signal OSC_REF. In operation, when EXP_EDGE isasserted to logic high, AND gate 333 passes the input signal XTAL asOSC_REF to PFD 210 of the DLL circuit 200 of FIG. 2. Conversely, whenEXP_EDGE is de-asserted to logic low, AND gate 333 forces OSC_REF tologic low, irrespective of the logic state and/or logic transitions ofthe input signal XTAL. In one embodiment, since there is only one XTALrising edge in the crystal clock period, gate 333 is not needed toperform a selection (unlike for gate 332). However, gate 333 is usedsuch that (i) signals Start_VCO and XTAL (as well as OSC_FB and OSC_REF)are treated identically and (ii) delays in the two paths are equalized.In another embodiment, the input of gate 333 (shown as connected toEXP_EDGE) can be connected to logic high (e.g., permanently connected toa voltage source).

Thus, when EXP_EDGE is asserted to logic high, AND gates 332 and 333pass signals Start_VCO and XTAL as respective signals OSC_FB and OSC_REFto the PFD 210 of FIG. 2, thereby allowing the PFD 210 to compare thephase of Start_VCO with the phase of the input signal XTAL to generatethe UP and DN signals used by charge pump 220 to generate the controlvoltage V_(C). For purposes of discussion herein, assertion of EXP_EDGEcauses DLL circuit 200 to enter a synchronization mode during which (i)the signals OSC_REF and OSC_FB (which are used for phase adjustment) aregenerated, (ii) an edge circulating between the delays of the oscillatorsince the previous reference cycle is terminated, and (iii) a new edgefrom the XTAL signal is introduced to the oscillator.

As mentioned above, control circuit 340 generates the synchronizationsignal EXP_EDGE. For exemplary embodiments of FIG. 3A, control circuit340 includes (or may be otherwise associated with) a counter 341 havingan input to receive the signal StartA. In operation, counter 341 countsthe number of selected (e.g., positive) edges of the signal StartA. Whenthe count value reaches a predetermined threshold value, counter 341 mayassert a trigger signal that causes control circuit 340 to toggle thelogic state of the control signal EXP_EDGE. In this manner, thepredetermined threshold value may be used to provide an integer valuefor multiplying the frequency of the input signal XTAL when generatingthe output signal OUT.

An exemplary operation of VCO 300 for generating an output oscillationsignal OUT having a frequency that is an integer n=4 times the frequencyof the input signal XTAL (e.g., f_(OUT)=4*f_(XTAL)) is described belowwith respect to the illustrative timing diagram of FIG. 6A and theillustrative flow chart 650 of FIG. 6D. When the input signal XTAL isready at time t0, control circuit 340 asserts synchronization signalEXP_EDGE to logic high, which causes MUX 331 to forward the input signalXTAL to the input of first delay element 320(1), thereby allowing thesignal XTAL to initialize operation of the oscillator circuit 305 formedby SR latch 310 and delay elements 320(1)-320(2) (652). Upon receivingthe positive edge of the input signal XTAL, first delay element 320(1)asserts its output signal RESET to logic high after the first delayperiod D1 associated with first delay element 320(1) (654). Theresulting logic high state of RESET causes SR latch 310 to drive its Qoutput (and thus signal Start_VCO) to logic low and to drive its Qoutput (and thus signal StartB) to logic high, at time t1 (656).

Just as the RESET signal is asserted from logic low to logic high byfirst delay element 320(1) at time t1, control circuit 340 de-assertsEXP_EDGE to logic low. In response thereto, MUX 331 couples the Q outputof SR latch 310 to the input of first delay element 320(1), therebyproviding signal Start_VCO from the Q output of SR latch 310 as both thesignal StartA to first delay element 320(1) and as the VCO's outputsignal OUT (658). In this manner, MUX 331 closes the loop between the Qoutput of SR latch 310 and the input of first delay element 320(1),thereby allowing oscillator circuit 305 to begin oscillatingindependently of the input signal XTAL.

In response to the asserted logic high state of StartB, second delayelement 320(2) asserts its output signal SET to logic high after itsassociated delay period D2 (660). The resulting logic high state of SETcauses SR latch 310 to drive its Q output (and thus signal Start_VCO) tologic high and to drive its Q output (and thus signal StartB) to logiclow, at time t2 (662). In this manner, a positive clock edge derivedfrom the input signal XTAL circulates through oscillator circuit 305 toproduce an oscillating output signal OUT having a period of T. Asdepicted in FIG. 6A, the input signal XTAL has a period of 4 T.

As mentioned above, for the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3A describedherein, VCO 300 generates an output signal OUT having a frequency thatis n=4 times the frequency of the input signal XTAL. Thus, the positiveedge of input signal XTAL should align with every n=4^(th) positive edgeof output signal OUT. To ensure that the output signal OUT remainssynchronized with the input signal XTAL, the control circuit 340 mayselect the second input of MUX 331 to receive the input signal XTALevery n=4 periods of output signal OUT to allow the positive edge ofinput signal XTAL to reset (e.g., re-align) the positive edge of theoutput signal OUT.

More specifically, at time t3, which occurs after approximately 3.5periods of the VCO's output signal OUT, control circuit 340 assertsEXP_EDGE to logic high, which in turn allows AND gate 332 to selectivelyassert OSC_FB in response to Start_VCO and allows AND gate 333 toselectively assert OSC_REF in response to XTAL (664). Thereafter, thesignals OSC_FB and OSC_REF may be compared by PFD 210 and processed bycharge pump 220 to generate the control voltage V_(C) (666), and thecontrol voltage V_(C) may be used to adjust the oscillation frequency ofthe output signal OUT (668).

For some embodiments, control circuit 340 may assert EXP_EDGE inresponse to counter 341 detecting 3.5 periods of the signal StartA. Inresponse thereto, MUX 331 forwards signal XTAL as StartA to first delayelement 320(1), thereby allowing the next positive edge of signal XTALat time t4 to circulate through oscillator 305 and trigger the nextpositive edge of StartB. In this manner, the positive edge of inputsignal XTAL may be used to reset (e.g., re-align) the clock edgecirculating through oscillator 305, thereby maintaining a delay-lockbetween signals XTAL and OUT.

Note that because the signal Start_VCO transitions to logic high at timet4 while EXP_EDGE is asserted to logic high, AND gate 332 asserts thefeedback signal OSC_FB to logic high at time t4. Similarly, because thesignal XTAL transitions to logic high at time t4 while EXP_EDGE isasserted to logic high, AND gate 333 asserts the reference signalOSC_REF to logic high at time t4. Referring also to FIG. 2, the PFD 210compares the phase difference between the reference and feedback signalsOSC_REF and OSC_FB to generate the UP and DN signals that adjust thecontrol voltage V_(C) for VCO 300. In one embodiment, when the signalsOSC_REF and OSC_FB are in-phase with each other (e.g., which indicatesthat the output signal OUT is properly aligned with the crystaloscillator signal XTAL), as depicted in FIG. 6A, the PFD 210 will notadjust (or will make small adjustments to) the control voltage V_(C).

Then, at time t5, control circuit 340 again de-asserts EXP_EDGE to logiclow. For some embodiments, control circuit 340 may de-assert EXP_EDGE inresponse to counter 341 detecting one period of the signal StartAsubsequent to assertion of EXP_EDGE. In response to the de-assertedstate of EXP_EDGE, MUX 331 couples the Q output of SR latch 310 to theinput of first delay element 320(1), thereby providing the signalStart_VCO from the Q output of SR latch 310 as both the signal StartA tofirst delay element 320(1) and as the VCO 300 output signal OUT. In thismanner, MUX 331 again closes the loop between the Q output of SR latch310 and the input of first delay element 320(1), thereby allowingoscillator circuit 305 to once again oscillate independently of theinput signal XTAL.

Referring also to FIG. 3A, if the VCO output signal OUT begins driftingwith respect to the input signal XTAL, the feedback loop may re-alignthe clock edge circulating through oscillator 305 so that the outputsignal OUT becomes synchronized with the input signal XTAL. For example,FIG. 6B is a waveform diagram illustrating an exemplary operation of theVCO 300 of FIG. 3A to correct a “fast VCO” case in which it is desiredto decrease the frequency of the output signal OUT (e.g., with respectto the input signal XTAL). As depicted in FIG. 6B, the output signal OUThas a period of T′ that is shorter than the desired period T of theoutput signal OUT of FIG. 6A, and therefore more than 4 cycles of thesignal OUT may occur within a single period of the input signal XTAL.Thus, for example, while the output signal OUT in FIG. 6B completes aperiod at time t2′, the output signal OUT should not complete a perioduntil time t2. Accordingly, to re-align the rising edges of the outputsignal OUT with the rising edges of the input signal XTAL, thesynchronization logic 330 slows down oscillator circuit 305.

More specifically, after approximately 3.5 periods of the signal StartA,control circuit 340 asserts EXP_EDGE to logic high at time t3′. Inresponse thereto, MUX 331 forwards the input signal XTAL as StartA tothe input of first delay element 320(1). In this manner, the nextpositive edge of signal StartA is triggered by the next positive edge ofinput signal XTAL (e.g., rather than by the next positive edge of signalStart_VCO). Further, because EXP_EDGE is asserted, the next positiveedge of signal Start_VCO causes AND gate 332 to assert the feedbacksignal OSC_FB to logic high at time t3 a, and the next positive edge ofinput signal XTAL causes AND gate 333 to assert the reference signalOSC_REF to logic high at time t4.

The PFD 210 of FIG. 2 compares the phase difference between OSC_FB andOSC_REF, and in response thereto, asserts the DN signal just after timet3 a and asserts the UP signal just after time t4. Because the DN signalis asserted prior to and longer than the UP signal, charge pump 220adjusts (e.g., decreases) the control voltage V_(C) in a manner thatcauses VCO 300 to decrease the oscillation frequency of its outputsignal OUT. Accordingly, when control circuit 340 de-asserts EXP_EDGE attime t5, which causes MUX 331 to forward signal Start_VCO as signalStartA, the output signal OUT is again synchronized with the inputsignal XTAL. Accordingly, for the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 6B,assertion of the feedback signal OSC_FB prior to and longer thanassertion of the reference signal OSC_REF causes the VCO 300 to decreasethe oscillation frequency of the output signal OUT until it isdelay-locked with the input signal XTAL.

FIG. 6C is a waveform diagram illustrating an exemplary operation of theVCO 300 of FIG. 3A to correct a “slow VCO” case in which it is desiredto increase the frequency of the output signal OUT (e.g., with respectto the input signal XTAL). As depicted in FIG. 6C, the output signal OUThas a period of T″ that is longer than the desired period T of theoutput signal OUT of FIG. 6A, and therefore less than 4 cycles of thesignal OUT occur within a single period of the input signal XTAL.Accordingly, to re-align the rising edges of the output signal OUT withthe rising edges of XTAL, the synchronization logic 330 may speed uposcillator circuit 305.

More specifically, after approximately 3.5 periods of the signal StartA,control circuit 340 asserts EXP_EDGE to logic high at time t3″. Inresponse thereto, MUX 331 forwards the signal XTAL as StartA to theinput of first delay element 320(1). In this manner, the next positiveedge of signal StartA is triggered by the next positive edge of signalXTAL (e.g., rather than by the next positive edge of signal Start_VCO).Further, because EXP_EDGE is asserted, the next positive edge of signalXTAL causes AND gate 333 to assert the reference signal OSC_REF to logichigh at time t4, and the next positive edge of signal Start_VCO causesAND gate 332 to assert the feedback signal OSC_FB to logic high at timet4 a.

The PFD 210 of FIG. 2 compares the phase difference between OSC_FB andOSC_REF, and in response thereto, asserts the UP signal just after timet4 and asserts the DN signal just after time t4 a. Because the UP signalis asserted prior to and longer than the DN signal, charge pump 220adjusts (e.g., increases) the control voltage V_(C) in a manner thatcauses VCO 300 to increase the oscillation frequency of its outputsignal OUT. Accordingly, when control circuit 340 de-asserts EXP_EDGE attime t5, which causes MUX 331 to forward signal Start_VCO as signalStartA, the oscillator output signal OUT is again synchronized with thesignal XTAL. Accordingly, for the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 6C,assertion of the reference signal OSC_REF prior to and longer thanassertion of the feedback signal OSC_FB causes the VCO 300 to increasethe oscillation frequency of the output signal OUT until it isdelay-locked with the input signal XTAL.

Note that there may be a lower limit on the oscillation frequency of theoutput signal OUT provided by the VCO 300. For example, if during anacquisition phase the next edge of the input signal XTAL arrives beforethe EXP_EDGE signal is asserted, the PFD 210 of FIG. 2 may not generatevalues of the control signals UP and DN that cause the VCO 300 toincrease the oscillation frequency, and therefore the DLL 200 of FIG. 2may not reach the desirable steady state. For the frequencymultiplication factor of n=4 discussed above, if the next edge of theinput signal XTAL occurs before the completion of 3.5 cycles of the VCOoutput signal StartA/OUT, (e.g., which triggers assertion of EXP_EDGE),then DLL 200 may not reach its steady state.

Thus, in accordance with the present embodiments, if the next edge ofthe input signal XTAL is detected to occur before the control signalEXP_EDGE is asserted, then a separate circuit block/mechanism (e.g.,acquisition logic, not shown for simplicity) is activated and the phasecorrection mechanism described above is bypassed. In this case, the VCO300, the PFD 210, and the counter 341 may be maintained in a reset stateuntil a subsequent edge of the input signal XTAL occurs. Thereafter, thesubsequent edge of the input signal XTAL may begin circulating throughthe VCO 300's two delay elements 320(1)-320(2). In this manner, the UPsignal may be asserted to cause the VCO 300 to increase the oscillationfrequency of the output signal OUT (e.g., while no DN signal isasserted). Because the UP signal may not be generated when theacquisition logic is activated, the UP signal may be asserted during thefirst half of the next period of the VCO output signal OUT.

Note the acquisition logic may be activated even if the next edge ofinput signal XTAL occurs at or even slightly after 3.5 periods of theVCO output signal. For example, as depicted in the slow VCO case of FIG.6C, the time interval available may be shortened for the reset of firstdelay element 320(1) after the signal StartA is de-asserted and beforethe next edge of the input signal XTAL occurs. The same is true for thetime interval available for the reset of second delay element 320(2)after the signal StartB is de-asserted at the end of the 4th period ofthe VCO output signal and before signal StartB is again asserted afterhalf a period in the next cycle. Because of the time associated withresetting delay elements 320(1)-320(2), the acquisition logic activatesunless the next edge of input signal XTAL arrives significantly after3.5 periods of the VCO output signal.

Referring again to FIG. 2, it is noted that some conventional chargepumps may have mismatched currents related to the UP and DN signalsreceived from PFD 210, and may also inject parasitic charge into thecontrol voltage V_(C) generated in response to the UP and DN signals.More specifically, if assertion of the UP and DN signals by PFD 210 arealigned with each other (e.g., at the same time), then conventionalembodiments of charge pump 220 may inject parasitic charge into thecontrol voltage (V_(C)) during every reference cycle. To compensate forthe injection of parasitic charge into V_(C), assertion of the UP and DNsignals may be offset by a time offset value ΔT so that charge pump 220adds zero charge at every cycle. The time offset value ΔT may berepresented as: ΔT=t_(startUP) t_(startDN). For example, FIG. 7A depictsthe static phase offset resulting from mismatch between the resulting UPand DN currents in charge pump 220. It is noted that the mismatchbetween the UP and DN currents in charge pump 220 (and the parasiticcharge injection) may be dependent upon the value of the control voltage(V_(C)), and therefore the static phase error may also be dependent uponthe value of V_(C).

Temporally spacing assertion of the UP and DN signals by a time offsetvalue ΔT may cause VCO 240 to operate at an incorrect frequency, and mayalso cause imbalances in the duty cycle of the VCO output signal, forexample, as depicted in FIG. 7B. In addition, offsetting assertion ofthe UP and DN signals by ΔT may create reference spurs in the spectrumof the DLL's output signal OUT.

FIG. 8 illustrates a charge pump circuit 800 that is one embodiment ofcharge pump 220 of FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 8, charge pump circuit 800includes a main charge pump 810, a replica charge pump 820, and anoperational amplifier (op-amp) 830. Main charge pump 810 includes inputsto receive the UP and DN signals, a control input to receive acalibration voltage signal (V_(CAL)), and an output to generate thecontrol voltage V_(C) (e.g., that is provided to VCO 240 of DLL 200 ofFIG. 2). The output capacitance of main charge pump 810 may be modeledby a main charge pump capacitance C_(M). Replica charge pump 820includes inputs to receive the UP and DN signals, a control input toreceive V_(CAL), and an output to generate a replica control voltageV_(R). The output capacitance of replica charge pump 820 may be modeledby a replica charge pump capacitance C_(R). For some embodiments, maincharge pump 810 and replica charge pump 820 may be any suitable chargepumps. For one embodiment, replica charge pump 820 may be smaller thanmain charge pump 810 in order to, for example, reduce area and powerconsumption.

Op-amp 830 includes a positive input to receive V_(C) from main chargepump 810, a negative input to receive V_(R) from replica charge pump820, and an output to generate the calibration voltage signal V_(CAL).In operation, op-amp 830 compares V_(C) and V_(R) to generate V_(CAL),and therefore the calibration voltage V_(CAL) is indicative ofdifferences between the control voltage V_(C) and the replica controlvoltage V_(R).

More specifically, the current in main charge pump 810 associated withassertion of the UP and/or DN signals may be adjusted in response to thecalibration voltage signal V_(CAL) to modify the relative magnitudes ofits corresponding up and down currents (I_(UP) and I_(DN)). Similarly,the current in replica charge pump 820 associated with assertion of theUP and/or DN signals may be adjusted in response to the calibrationvoltage signal V_(CAL) to modify the relative magnitudes of itscorresponding up and down currents (I_(UP) _(—) _(R) and I_(DN) _(—)_(R)). However, in accordance with the present embodiments, while the UPand DN signals are provided to respective UP and DN input terminals ofmain charge pump 810, the UP and DN signals are reversed and provided torespective DN and UP input terminals of replica charge pump 820 (e.g.,as depicted in FIG. 8).

Because the inputs of the replica charge pump 820 are swapped withrespect to the inputs of the main charge pump 810, the main charge pump810 may increase the magnitude of V_(C) (e.g., to be more positive) inresponse to the pulse width of UP being longer than the pulse width ofDN, while the replica charge pump 820 may decrease the magnitude ofV_(R) (e.g., to be less positive) in response to the pulse width of UPbeing longer than the pulse width of DN. Conversely, the main chargepump 810 may decrease the magnitude of V_(C) (e.g., to be less positive)in response to the pulse width of UP being shorter than the pulse widthof DN, while the replica charge pump 820 may increase the magnitude ofV_(R) (e.g., to be more positive) in response to the pulse width of UPbeing shorter than the pulse width of DN.

In this manner, the replica control voltage V_(R) generated by replicacharge pump 820 may be adjusted in response to the UP and DN controlsignals and/or V_(CAL) until V_(R) equals the control voltage V_(C)generated by main charge pump 810. More specifically, the replica chargepump 820 may force its output voltage V_(R) to become equal to theoutput voltage V_(C) provided by the main charge pump 810 in response tothe calibration voltage V_(CAL), which is generated by op-amp 830 inresponse to a comparison between the values of V_(C) and V_(R).

More specifically, because main charge pump 810 and replica charge pump820 receive the same calibration voltage V_(CAL), and generate equaloutput voltages V_(C) and V_(R), respectively, main charge pump 810 andreplica charge pump 820 should exhibit the same timing offset value attheir input terminals. The timing offset value for main charge pump 810may be expressed as ΔT₈₁₀=t_(startUP)−t_(startDN), where t_(startUP) andt_(startDN) denote the timing instants that the UP and DN pulsesrespectively are asserted. The UP and the DN signals are asserted inresponse to the rising edges of the reference and the feedback signalsrespectively, and to the extent that the phase frequency detector issymmetric with respect to these two respective signal paths and thereare not mismatches, a certain delay between the reference and thefeedback edges equals ΔT₈₁₀. The timing offset value for replica chargepump 820 may be expressed as ΔT₈₂₀t=_(startDN)−t_(startUP) (e.g.,because the input signals UP and DN are reversed or swapped for replicacharge pump 820). This implies that ΔT₈₁₀=ΔT₈₂₀ and also thatΔT₈₁₀=ΔT₈₂₀. As a result, ΔT₈₁₀=ΔT₈₂₀=0 and therefore the total timeoffset value for charge pump circuit 800 becomes zero, and the phaseerror between the reference and the feedback signals is calibrated.

FIG. 9 shows a circuit 900 that includes a PFD circuit 910 coupled tothe charge pump circuit 800 of FIG. 8. For at least some embodiments,the circuit 900 may be used as the PFD circuit 210 and the charge pump220 of FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 9, the PFD circuit 910 includes a mainPFD 911 and a replica PFD 912. For some embodiments, the main PFD 911and the replica PFD 912 may be any suitable PFD circuit (e.g., PFD 210of FIG. 2). For at least one embodiment, the replica PFD 912 may besmaller and occupy less circuit area than the main PFD 911, and/or thereplica charge pump 820 may be smaller and occupy less circuit area thanthe main charge pump 810. Further, for some embodiments, the replica PFD912 may have the same supply voltage as the main PFD 911, and thereplica charge pump 820 may have the same supply voltage as the maincharge pump 810. In this manner, variations in the supply voltage arecommon to both the replica circuits 912 and 820 and the main circuits911 and 810, which in turn may ensure that the static phase errorremains calibrated even during variations in the supply voltage.

The main PFD 911 includes inputs to receive the reference oscillationsignal (OSC_REF) and the feedback oscillation signal (OSC_FB), andincludes outputs to generate the UP and DN control signals (see alsoFIG. 2). The UP and DN control signals are provided to respective UP andDN input terminals of the main charge pump 810. The replica PFD 912includes inputs to receive a clock signal X, and includes outputs togenerate replica up and down control signals UP_(R) and DN_(R). Thereplica control signals UP_(R) and DN_(R) are provided to respective UPand DN input terminals of the replica charge pump 820.

The clock signal X may be any suitable periodic signal or waveform. Forsome embodiments, the clock signal X may be the clock signal XTAL ofFIG. 2, or alternatively may be derived from the clock signal XTAL ofFIG. 2. For other embodiments, the clock signal X may have the sameperiod as the oscillation signals OSC_REF and OSC_FB. For at least oneembodiment, the clock signal X may be either the OSC_REF signal or theOSC_FB signal.

The main charge pump 810 may generate the control voltage V_(C) inresponse to the control signals UP and DN generated by the main PFD 911,and may adjust its corresponding up and down currents I_(UP) and I_(DN)in response to the calibration voltage signal (V_(CAL)). The replicacharge pump 820 may generate the replica control voltage V_(R) inresponse to the control signals UP_(R) and DN_(R) generated by thereplica PFD 912, and may adjust its corresponding up and down currentsI_(UP) _(—) _(R) and I_(DN) _(—) _(R) in response to the calibrationvoltage signal (V_(CAL)).

The op-amp 830 compares the two voltage signals V_(C) and V_(R) togenerate the calibration voltage V_(CAL). The calibration voltageV_(CAL) may cause the replica control voltage V_(R) to become equal tothe main control voltage V_(C). Because the two input terminals of thereplica PFD 912 both receive the same clock signal X, there is no timeor phase difference between the signals provided the input terminals ofthe replica PFD 912. Because charge pumps 810 and 820 operate with thecommon calibration voltage V_(CAL) and equal output voltages V_(C) andV_(R), and PFD 912 is a replica of PFD 911, the time difference betweenthe inputs of the main PFD 911 may be zero. Therefore, the phase errorof the associated DLL circuit is calibrated.

FIG. 10 is an illustrative flow chart depicting an exemplary operationof the circuit of FIG. 9. First, the main PFD 911 generates a first maincontrol signal (UP) and a second main control signal (DN) in response tothe reference signal (OSC_REF) and the feedback signal (OSC_FB) (1002),and the replica PFD 912 generates a first replica control signal(UP_(R)) and a second replica control signal (DN_(R)) in response to theclock signal X (1004). Then, the main charge pump 810 generates thecontrol voltage (V_(C)) in response to the first main control signal(UP), the second main control signal (DN), and the calibration signal(V_(CAL)) (1006), and the replica charge pump 820 generates the replicacontrol voltage (V_(R)) in response to the first replica control signal(UP_(R)), the second replica control signal (DN_(R)), and thecalibration signal (V_(CAL)) (1008). The op-amp 830 generates thecalibration signal (V_(CAL)) in response to the control voltage (V_(R))and the replica voltage (V_(R)) (1010).

Referring again to FIG. 3A, the oscillator 305 is advantageous overconventional ring oscillators for several reasons. First, oscillator 305may generate oscillation output signals using only two delay elements320(1) and 320(2) (e.g., that introduce a first externally-adjustablepredetermined delay period D1 between the Q output and reset input oflatch 310 and a second externally-adjustable predetermined delay periodD2 between the Q output and set input of latch 310, respectively). Incontrast, conventional ring oscillators typically require an odd numbergreater than one of delay stages (e.g., 3 or more) to enable logic statetransitions (and thus oscillations) in the output signal.

Compared to conventional relaxation oscillators, oscillator 305 of FIG.3A is smaller and less complex. Unlike many conventional relaxationoscillators, oscillator 305 of FIG. 3A does not include voltagecomparators or RC filters, and does not depend upon the generation ofreference voltages or reference currents. Indeed, the simplicity ofoscillator 305 may allow it to be implemented using digital circuits(e.g., rather than analog circuits).

In addition, for the oscillator 305 of FIG. 3A, a single rising orpositive edge propagates through all the circuit elements (e.g., delayelements 320(1)-320(2) and gates NOR1-NOR2) once in each oscillationperiod, which may be advantageous for some embodiments. In contrast,conventional ring oscillators typically propagate both a positive edgeand a negative edge (e.g., edges that are 180 degrees out of phase witheach other) through the ring in each oscillation period. For theoscillator 305 of FIG. 3A, once the single edge enters the second delay320(2) for the last time in the oscillation period (i.e., the oscillatorphase enters the second half of the last oscillation period in thereference period and the EXP_EDGE signal is asserted), the first delay320(1) is reset and ready to receive a new edge from the crystaloscillator 250. For a conventional ring oscillator, when the oscillatorphase enters the second half of the last oscillation period in thereference period, and the new edge must enter the ring, there alreadyexists an edge of opposite polarity circulating in the ring which willgenerate the OSC_FB signal, and the two edges might collide and swalloweach other or otherwise interact and negatively impact the operation ofthe DLL.

As mentioned above, for some embodiments, the oscillator 305 of FIG. 3Amay be implemented using delay elements 320(1)-320(2) that propagatepositive or rising edges more quickly than negative or falling edges.For other embodiments, delay elements 320(1)-320(2) may be configured topropagate positive edges more quickly than negative or falling edges,for example, so that oscillator 305 propagates a single negative edgethrough circuit elements 310 and 320(1)-320(2) to generate complementaryoscillation output signals at terminals Q and Q. For such otherembodiments, NOR gates NOR1 and NOR2 of SR latch 110 may be replaced byNAND gates.

For some embodiments, a voltage-controlled delay element may be used fordelay elements 320(1) and 320(2) of oscillator 305. For example, FIG. 3Bshows a delay element 350 that is one embodiment of delay elements320(1) and/or 320(2) of FIG. 1. Delay element 350 is shown to includeCMOS inverters INV1-INV2, PMOS transistors MP1-MP3, NMOS transistors MN1and MN3, and a capacitor C. INV1 has an input to receive the associatedstart signal, and has an output coupled to the gates of transistors MP1and MN1 at node NO. Transistors MP1 and MP2 are coupled in seriesbetween VDD and a charging node N1, and pull-down transistor MN1 iscoupled between node N1 and ground potential. Transistor MP2 includes agate to receive a control voltage (V_(C)), and may thus operate togetherwith transistor MP1 as a voltage-controlled current source. Capacitor Cis coupled between node N1 and ground potential, where the commonlycoupled sources of MP2 and MN1 at node N1 provide a ramp voltage(V_(ramp)) to capacitor C. Transistors MP3 and MN3 are coupled in seriesbetween VDD and ground potential, and form an inverter having an inputat node N1 and an output at node N2. INV2 has an input coupled to nodeN2 and an output to generate the associated signal SET or RESET.

In operation, transistors MP1-MP2 may act as a weak pull-up circuit 360that slowly charges capacitor C by developing the ramp voltage V_(ramp)on its top plate, while transistor MN1 may act as a strong pull-downcircuit that quickly discharges capacitor C. The control voltage (V_(C))provided to the gate of transistor MP2 adjusts the charging current forcapacitor C, and therefore may adjust the oscillation frequency byadjusting the delay period associated with asserting the SET or RESETsignal to logic high in response to positive edge in the start signal.

More specifically, when the input Start signal transitions from logiclow to logic high, inverter INV drives NO low toward ground potential.In response thereto, NMOS transistor MN1 turns off and isolates node N1from ground potential, and PMOS transistor MP1 turns on. The controlvoltage V_(C) is driven to a level that turns on PMOS transistor MP2(e.g., to a voltage that is less positive than the threshold voltage ofMP2), thereby pulling node N1 high towards VDD and charging capacitor C.The speed at which transistor MP2 charges capacitor C may be adjusted byadjusting the control voltage V_(C). When the voltage at node N1 exceedsthe threshold voltage of the CMOS inverter formed by transistors MP3 andMN3, transistor MP3 turns off and transistor MN3 turns on, therebypulling node N2 low toward ground potential. In response thereto,inverter INV2 asserts the SET or RESET signal to a logic high state.

Thereafter, when the input Start signal transitions from logic high tologic low, inverter INV drives NO high towards VDD. In response thereto,PMOS transistor MP1 turns off and isolates node N1 from VDD, and NMOStransistor MN1 turns on and quickly discharges node N1 low towardsground potential. Once the voltage at node N1 falls below the thresholdvoltage of the CMOS inverter formed by transistors MP3 and MN3,transistor MP3 turns on and transistor MN3 turns off, thereby pullingnode N2 high towards VDD. In response thereto, inverter INV2 de-assertsthe SET or RESET signal to a logic low state.

Note that the exemplary delay element 350 of FIG. 3B is configured tocirculate a positive edge when used as delay elements 320(1)-320(2) inoscillator 305. For embodiments in which oscillator 305 may beconfigured to circuit a negative edge through delay elements320(1)-320(2) and SR latch 110, delay element 350 may be modified tode-assert the SET or RESET signal in response to a falling edge of theStart signal in a relatively slow manner, and to assert the SET or RESETsignal in response to a rising edge of the Start signal in a relativelyquick manner.

For some applications, it may be desirable to adjust the oscillationfrequency in larger discrete steps than allowed by adjusting the controlvoltage V_(C). For the delay element 350 of FIG. 3B, the oscillationfrequency may be adjusted in larger discrete steps by (1) partitioningthe pull-up circuit 350 into several individually selectable chargingcircuits and then selectively enabling one or more of such individuallyselectable charging circuits (e.g., to incrementally adjust the chargingcurrent provided to capacitor C of FIG. 3B) and/or by (2) partitioningthe capacitor C into several individually selectable capacitor circuitsand then selectively enabling one or more of such individuallyselectable capacitor circuits (e.g., to incrementally adjust thecapacitance value of capacitor C of FIG. 3B). In this manner, binaryweighted partitioning techniques can be used for programming the delayperiod provided by delay element 350 of FIG. 3B, for example, asdescribed in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 4 and 5.

For example, FIG. 4 shows a programmable pull-up circuit 400 that may beused as pull-up circuit 360 of delay element 350 of FIG. 3B. Pull-upcircuit 400 may include any number n of individually selectable pull-upor charging circuits 410(1)-410(n) coupled in parallel to provide anadjustable charging current I _(Total) for capacitor C of delay element350 of FIG. 3B. As shown in FIG. 4, each of individually selectablecharging circuits 410(1)-410(n) includes first and second PMOStransistors MP1(x) and MP2(x) coupled in series between VDD and node N1to provide a corresponding current I₁-I_(n) that may be used to chargethe capacitor C of delay element 350. The gates of first PMOStransistors MP1(1)-MP1(n) are controlled by the Start signal and/or by acorresponding one of enable signals EN2-ENn, and the gates of PMOStransistors MP2(1)-MP2(n) are controlled by the control voltage V_(C).

For the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 4, the first charging circuit410(1) is maintained in a conductive state, and the Start signal isprovided to its pull-up transistor MP1(1) via inverter 411 so thatassertion of the Start signal to logic high turns on transistor MP1(1),and de-assertion of the Start signal to logic low turns off transistorMP1(1). Each of the other individually selectable charging circuits410(2)-410(n) can be selectively enabled in response to correspondingenable signals EN2-ENn, which are logically combined with the Startsignal in corresponding NAND gates 412(2)-412(n). Thus, for example, toenable charging circuit 410(2), EN2 is driven to logic high, whichcauses NAND gate 412(2) to pass a logical complement of the Start signalto the gate of MP1(2). In this manner, NAND gate 412(2) turns ontransistor MP1(2) when the Start signal is logic high and turns offMP1(2) when the Start signal is logic low. Conversely, to disablecharging circuit 410(2), EN2 is driven to logic low, thereby forcing theoutput of NAND gate 412(2) to logic high and maintaining transistorMP1(2) in a non-conductive state.

Accordingly, the amount of current I_(Total) for charging capacitor Cmay be increased in discrete amounts by enabling a greater number of thecharging circuits 410(1)-410(n), and the amount of current I_(Total) forcharging capacitor C may be decreased in discrete amounts by enabling afewer number of the charging circuits 410(1)-410(n).

For the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 4, each of charging circuits410(1)-410(n) is shown to receive the same control voltage signal V_(C).For other embodiments, each of charging circuits 410(1)-410(n) mayreceive its own control voltage, thereby allowing for additionaladjustments to the total current I_(Total) provided by circuit 400 forcharging capacitor C of FIG. 3B.

FIG. 5 shows a programmable capacitor circuit 500 that can be used ascapacitor C in the delay element 350 of FIG. 3B. Capacitor circuit 500may include any number n of individually selectable capacitor circuits510(1)-510(n) coupled in parallel to provide an adjustable capacitor Cfor delay element 350 of FIG. 3B. As shown in FIG. 5, the firstcapacitor circuit 510(1) includes a capacitor C1 coupled between node N1and ground potential. The other capacitor circuits 510(2)-510(n) includerespective capacitors C2-Cn that can be selectively coupled between nodeN1 and ground potential in response to enable signals EN2-ENn,respectively, as depicted in FIG. 5.

More specifically, the first capacitor circuit 510(1) includes capacitorC1 coupled between node N1 and ground potential, and includes an NMOSby-pass transistor MN4(1) coupled in parallel with capacitor C1 (i.e.,also coupled between node N1 and ground potential). The gate oftransistor MN4(1) receives the Start signal via inverter 511. Thus,first capacitor circuit 510(1) is maintained in an enabled state inwhich the logic state of the Start signal controls whether node N1 isshorted to ground potential via transistor MN4(1). For example, when theStart signal is asserted to logic high, inverter 511 drives the gate oftransistor MN(4) to logic low, thereby turning off transistor MN4(1) toallow capacitor C1 to be charged towards VDD (e.g., by pull-up circuit360 of FIG. 3B). Conversely, when the Start signal is de-asserted tologic low, inverter 511 drives the gate of transistor MN4(1) to logichigh, thereby turning on transistor MN4(1) and quickly discharging nodeN1 low towards ground potential.

Each of the other individually selectable capacitor circuits510(2)-510(n) can be selectively enabled in response to correspondingenable signals EN2-ENn. For each of capacitor circuits 510(2)-510(n),the corresponding enable signal is provided to the gate of an NMOSisolation transistor MN5, and the complement of the corresponding enablesignal is logically combined with the Start signal via a NOR gate 512 tocontrol the gate of a corresponding bypass transistor MN4. 512(n). Forexample, second capacitor circuit 510(2) includes capacitor C2 and NMOStransistor MN5(2) coupled in series between node N1 and groundpotential, and includes an NMOS by-pass transistor MN4(2) coupled inparallel with capacitor C2. The gate of transistor MN5(2) receives thecorresponding enable signal EN2, and the gate of transistor MN4(2)receives a logical combination of the Start signal and EN2 via NOR gate512(2).

In operation, capacitor circuit 510(2) may be enabled by asserting EN2to logic high, which turns on transistor MN5(2) and allows the Startsignal to control the gate of bypass transistor MN4(2). Morespecifically, when capacitor circuit 510(2) is enabled, assertion of theStart signal to logic high drives the gate of transistor MN4(2) to logiclow via NOR gate 512(2), thereby maintaining transistor MN4(2) in anon-conductive state to allow capacitor C2 to be charged high towardsVDD (e.g., by pull-up circuit 360 of FIG. 3B). Conversely, de-assertionof the Start signal to logic low drives the gate of transistor MN4(2) tologic high via NOR gate 512(2), thereby turning transistor MN4(2) on anddischarging node N1 low towards ground potential via transistor MN4(1).

To disable capacitor circuit 510(2), EN2 may be de-asserted to logiclow, which turns off transistor MN5(2) to isolate capacitor C2 fromground potential. The resulting logic high state of EN2 forces the gateof transistor MN4(2) to logic low, thereby maintaining transistor MN4(2)in a non-conductive state to prevent a short circuit to groundpotential.

Accordingly, the amount of capacitance between node N1 and groundpotential in programmable capacitor circuit 500 may be increased byenabling a greater number of the individually selectable capacitorcircuits 510(2)-510(n), and may be decreased by enabling a fewer numberof the individually selectable capacitor circuits 510(2)-510(n). In thismanner, the time required to charge the total capacitance value C ofcircuit 500, and thus the magnitude of the delay period associated withdelay element 350 of FIG. 3B, may be dynamically adjusted using theenable signals EN2-ENn.

As described above, the programmability functions provided by theprogrammable pull-up circuit 400 of FIG. 4 and/or the programmablecapacitor circuit 500 of FIG. 5 may allow delay element 350 of FIG. 3Bto provide both large and small adjustment amounts to the delay periodassociated with delay element 350. Thus, the amount of delay periodprovided by delay element 350 may be changed by adjusting the amount ofcharging current (e.g., using programmable pull-up circuit 400 of FIG.4), by adjusting the capacitance of the charging capacitor (e.g., usingprogrammable capacitor circuit 500 of FIG. 5), or by adjusting both. Asdescribed above, the charging currents provided by embodiments of FIG. 4and the capacitance value provided by embodiments of FIG. 5 may beadjusted using the enable signal EN2-ENn.

Further, note that FIGS. 4 and 5 depict programmable pull-up circuit 400and programmable capacitor circuit 500 receive the same set of enablesignals. However, for other embodiments, the set of enable signals thatcontrol programmable pull-up circuit 400 of FIG. 4 may be different fromthe set of enable signals that control programmable capacitor circuit500 of FIG. 5.

In the foregoing specification, the present embodiments have beendescribed with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. Itwill, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may bemade thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of thedisclosure as set forth in the appended claims. The specification anddrawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative senserather than a restrictive sense.

What is claimed is:
 1. A charge pump circuit, comprising: a main chargepump including a first input to receive a first control signal, a secondinput to receive a second control signal, a third input to receive acalibration signal, and an output to provide a control voltage; areplica charge pump including a first input to receive the secondcontrol signal, a second input to receive the first control signal, athird input to receive the calibration signal, and an output to providea replica voltage; and an operational amplifier including a first inputto receive the control voltage, a second input to receive the replicavoltage, and an output to provide the calibration signal.
 2. The chargepump circuit of claim 1, wherein the operational amplifier is to comparethe control voltage with the replica voltage to generate the calibrationsignal.
 3. The charge pump circuit of claim 1, wherein the main chargepump is to increase the control voltage in response to a difference inpulse widths of the first control signal and the second control signal,and the replica charge pump is to decrease the replica voltage inresponse to the difference in pulse widths of the first control signaland the second control signal.
 4. The charge pump circuit of claim 1,wherein the replica charge pump is to adjust the replica voltage inresponse to the calibration signal until the replica voltage equals thecontrol voltage.
 5. The charge pump circuit of claim 1, wherein: themain charge pump is to modify, in response to the calibration signal, afirst current flow associated with generating the control voltage; andthe replica charge pump is to modify, in response to the calibrationsignal, a second current flow associated with generating the replicavoltage.
 6. The charge pump circuit of claim 1, wherein: the firstcontrol signal comprises an up signal generated by an associated phasedetector; and the second control signal comprises a down signalgenerated by the associated phase detector.
 7. A charge pump circuit,comprising: a main charge pump including an up input to receive an upcontrol signal from a phase detector, a down input to receive a downcontrol signal from the phase detector, a control input to receive acalibration signal, and an output; a replica charge pump including an upinput to receive the down control signal from the phase detector, a downinput to receive the up control signal from the phase detector, acontrol input to receive the calibration signal, and an output; and anoperational amplifier including a first input coupled to the output ofthe main charge pump, a second input coupled to the output of thereplica charge pump, and an output to provide the calibration signal. 8.The charge pump circuit of claim 7, wherein the main charge pump is togenerate a control voltage in response to the up control signal and thedown control signal, and the replica charge pump is to generate areplica voltage in response to the down control signal and the upcontrol signal.
 9. The charge pump circuit of claim 7, wherein theoperational amplifier is to compare the control voltage with the replicavoltage to generate the calibration signal.
 10. The charge pump circuitof claim 7, wherein the replica charge pump is to adjust the replicavoltage in response to the calibration signal until the replica voltageequals the control voltage.
 11. The charge pump circuit of claim 7,wherein: the main charge pump is to modify, in response to thecalibration signal, a first current flow associated with generating thecontrol voltage; and the replica charge pump is to modify, in responseto the calibration signal, a second current flow associated withgenerating the replica voltage.
 12. A device, comprising: a main phaseand frequency detector (PFD) including a first input to receive areference signal, a second input to receive a feedback signal, a firstoutput to generate a first main control signal, and a second output togenerate a second main control signal; a replica PFD including a firstinput to receive a clock signal, a second input to receive the clocksignal, a first output to generate a first replica control signal, and asecond output to generate a second replica control signal; a main chargepump including an up input to receive the first main control signal, adown input to receive the second main control signal, a control input toreceive a calibration signal, and an output to provide a controlvoltage; a replica charge pump including an up input to receive thefirst replica control signal, a down input to receive the second replicacontrol signal, a control input to receive the calibration signal, andan output to provide a replica voltage; and an operational amplifierincluding a first input to receive the control voltage, a second inputto receive the replica voltage, and an output to provide the calibrationsignal.
 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the operational amplifier isto compare the control voltage with the replica voltage to generate thecalibration signal.
 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the main chargepump is to adjust the control voltage in response to a difference inpulse widths of the first main control signal and the second maincontrol signal, and the replica charge pump is to adjust the replicavoltage in response to a difference in pulse widths of the first replicacontrol signal and the second replica control signal.
 15. The device ofclaim 12, wherein the replica charge pump is to adjust the replicavoltage in response to the calibration signal until the replica voltageequals the control voltage.
 16. The device of claim 12, wherein: themain charge pump is to modify, in response to the calibration signal, afirst current flow associated with generating the control voltage; andthe replica charge pump is to modify, in response to the calibrationsignal, a second current flow associated with generating the replicavoltage.
 17. The device of claim 12, wherein the clock signal is thereference signal.
 18. The device of claim 12, wherein the clock signalis the feedback signal.
 19. A method performed by a charge pump circuit,the method comprising: generating, using a main phase and frequencydetector (PFD), a first main control signal and a second main controlsignal in response to a reference signal and a feedback signal;generating, using a replica PFD, a first replica control signal and asecond replica control signal in response to a clock signal; generating,using a main charge pump, a control voltage in response to the firstmain control signal, the second main control signal, and a calibrationsignal; generating, using a replica charge pump, a replica controlvoltage in response to the first replica control signal, the secondreplica control signal, and the calibration signal; and generating,using an operational amplifier, the calibration signal in response tothe control voltage and the replica voltage.
 20. The method of claim 19,wherein the operational amplifier is to compare the control voltage withthe replica voltage to generate the calibration signal.
 21. The methodof claim 19, wherein the main charge pump is to adjust the controlvoltage in response to a difference in pulse widths of the first maincontrol signal and the second main control signal, and the replicacharge pump is to adjust the replica voltage in response to a differencein pulse widths of the first replica control signal and the secondreplica control signal.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the replicacharge pump is to adjust the replica voltage in response to thecalibration signal until the replica voltage equals the control voltage.23. The method of claim 19, wherein: the main charge pump is to modify,in response to the calibration signal, a first current flow associatedwith generating the control voltage; and the replica charge pump is tomodify, in response to the calibration signal, a second current flowassociated with generating the replica voltage.
 24. The method of claim19, wherein the clock signal is the reference signal.
 25. The method ofclaim 19, wherein the clock signal is the feedback signal.